Therefore, it is likely that A1 neurons represent important variables related to associative memories that form relations among auditory stimuli, behavioral choices, and rewards. Furthermore, reward-related activity has been detected in A1 neurons ( Brosch et al., 2011). (2019) reported that motor movements modulate A1 neuronal activity. (2019) reported that A1 neurons show choice-direction selectivity, whereas Bigelow et al. The activity of A1 neurons is modulated not only by inputs, but also by other task-related variables ( Caras and Sanes, 2017 Lin et al., 2019). Thus, A1 neurons have high plasticity, and their firing preference is modulated by auditory associative learning ( Irvine, 2018). During learning with auditory stimuli, the primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons, each of which intrinsically responds to a specific tone frequency (tonotopic representation), become tuned to the frequency of the conditioned tone, and the proportion of these neurons increases with training ( Bakin and Weinberger, 1990 Weinberger, 2004). This means that sensory regions, in addition to the hippocampal and motor regions, modulate their neural activity during learning processes ( Weinberger, 2004). For successful associative learning, neural circuits integrate stimulus information with correct choices and rewards. This selective activity of A1 neurons may facilitate the formation of associations, leading to the consolidation of associative memory.Īssociative learning between stimuli and behavioral responses induces modulation of neural activity in several brain regions. These results suggest that A1 neurons have task- and learning-dependent selectivity toward sensory input and reward when auditory tones and behavioral responses are gradually associated during task training. Furthermore, the proportion of frequency-selective cells and reward-direction cells increased with task acquisition and reached the maximum level in the last stage of learning. A1 neurons increased their firing rates either when the rats were presented with a high or low tone (frequency-selective cells) before they chose either the left or right port (choice-direction cells), or when they received a reward after choosing either the left or right port (reward-direction cells). The activity of A1 neurons in the rats during the learning process of the task was recorded. In this task, rats were required to associate tone frequencies (high and low) with a choice of ports (right or left) to obtain a reward. ![]() Therefore, we developed an associative memory task using auditory stimuli in rats. However, it is unclear how A1 neural activity changes dynamically in response to these variables during the learning process of associative memory tasks. The activity of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons is modulated not only by sensory inputs but also by other task-related variables in associative learning.
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